Docker容器管理

一、Docker创建容器并启动

docker run 等于创建加启动，若镜像本地不存在，则会去线上仓库下载镜像

注意：

• 容器内的进程必须处于前台运行状态，否则容器会直接退出！
• 若容器内无进程运行，容器也会挂掉，容器内必须有一个进程在前台运行！

docker run 选项：

• -d：后台运行容器并返回容器ID
• -i：以交互方式访问容器，常与 -t 搭配使用
• -t：为容器分配伪输入终端，常与 -i 搭配使用
• -p：指定端口映射（宿主机端口:容器端口）
• -P：随机端口映射（大写P）

# 运行一个马上挂掉的容器
[root@localhost ~]# docker run ubuntu

[root@localhost ~]# docker ps -a
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE         COMMAND                  CREATED          STATUS                          PORTS                               NAMES
8a8243623c23   ubuntu        "bash"                   6 minutes ago    Exited (0) 6 minutes ago                                        
a31847debebf   51086ed63d8c   "/docker-entrypoint.…"   16 minutes ago   Up 16 minutes                   0.0.0.0:80->80/tcp, :::80->80/tcp   trusting_ride
7f448c222d1b   51086ed63d8c   "/docker-entrypoint.…"   17 minutes ago   Exited (127) 17 minutes ago                                        
310d35737694   51086ed63d8c   "/docker-entrypoint.…"   18 minutes ago   Exited (0) 17 minutes ago                                        
2bb4b292933f   nginx         "/docker-entrypoint.…"   19 minutes ago   Exited (127) 19 minutes ago                                        
6cd00c39af29   nginx         "/docker-entrypoint.…"   19 minutes ago   Exited (127) 19 minutes ago                                        
d9c990a6b235   nginx         "/docker-entrypoint.…"   19 minutes ago   Exited (127) 19 minutes ago                                        
7eee30a9c59e   nginx         "/docker-entrypoint.…"   20 minutes ago   Exited (0) 20 minutes ago                                        
f66ffe5ce253   nginx         "/docker-entrypoint.…"   21 minutes ago   Exited (0) 21 minutes ago                                         nginx

# 运行容器并进入，执行命令
[root@localhost ~]# docker run -it ubuntu bash
root@77712674b6f7:/# cat /etc/lsb-release 
DISTRIB_ID=Ubuntu
DISTRIB_RELEASE=22.04
DISTRIB_CODENAME=jammy
DISTRIB_DESCRIPTION="Ubuntu 22.04.1 LTS"
root@77712674b6f7:/#

# docker ps 常用选项
-a  # 列出当前所有运行中+历史容器
-l  # 显示最近创建的容器
-n  # 显示最近N个创建的容器
-q  # 只显示容器ID

二、退出容器

exit：进入容器后exit退出，容器停止

[root@localhost ~]# docker run -it ubuntu
root@cd8ed364afb2:/# cat /etc/lsb-release 
DISTRIB_ID=Ubuntu
DISTRIB_RELEASE=20.04
DISTRIB_CODENAME=focal
DISTRIB_DESCRIPTION="Ubuntu 20.04.3 LTS"

[root@localhost ~]# docker ps
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE     COMMAND   CREATED          STATUS          PORTS     NAMES
cd8ed364afb2   ubuntu    "bash"    41 seconds ago   Up 39 seconds           intelligent_snyder

# 退出容器
root@cd8ed364afb2:/# exit
exit
[root@localhost ~]# 

[root@localhost ~]# docker ps
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE     COMMAND   CREATED   STATUS    PORTS     NAMES

Ctrl+P+Q：进入容器后Ctrl+P+Q退出，容器不停止

[root@localhost ~]# docker run -it ubuntu
root@17b0e93920f4:/# ls /etc/lsb-release 
/etc/lsb-release
root@17b0e93920f4:/# cat /etc/lsb-release 
DISTRIB_ID=Ubuntu
DISTRIB_RELEASE=20.04
DISTRIB_CODENAME=focal
DISTRIB_DESCRIPTION="Ubuntu 20.04.3 LTS"
root@17b0e93920f4:/# ls /etc/lsb-release [root@localhost ~]# 
[root@localhost ~]# 

[root@localhost ~]# docker ps
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE     COMMAND   CREATED          STATUS          PORTS     NAMES
17b0e93920f4   ubuntu    "bash"    54 seconds ago   Up 53 seconds           compassionate_pike

三、容器管理

启动已停止的容器

# docker start 容器ID/容器名字

重启容器

# docker restart 容器ID/容器名字

停止容器

# docker stop 容器ID/容器名字

强制停止容器

# docker kill 容器ID/容器名字

删除单个已停止容器

# docker rm 容器ID

删除多个容器（慎用）

# docker rm -f $(docker ps -aq)
# docker ps -aq | xargs docker rm

查看容器日志

# docker logs 容器ID

查看容器内部细节

# docker inspect 容器ID

复制容器文件到宿主机

# docker cp 容器ID:容器内路径 目的主机路径
[root@localhost ~]# docker exec -it ubuntu1 bash
root@b48ae4cc3481:/# cd /tmp/
root@b48ae4cc3481:/tmp# ls
docker.test
root@b48ae4cc3481:/tmp# echo test >docker.test 
root@b48ae4cc3481:/tmp# exit
exit

[root@localhost ~]# docker cp b48ae4cc3481:/tmp/docker.test /tmp
[root@localhost ~]# cat /tmp/docker.test 
test

备份整个容器

# docker export 容器ID > 文件名.tar
[root@localhost ~]# docker ps
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE     COMMAND   CREATED          STATUS         PORTS     NAMES
b48ae4cc3481   ubuntu    "bash"    About an hour ago   Up 6 minutes           ubuntu1

[root@localhost ~]# docker export b48ae4cc3481 > /tmp/ubuntu1.tar
[root@localhost ~]# ll /tmp/
总用量 73404
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root        5 10月 19 21:54 docker.test
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 75159552 10月 19 21:57 ubuntu1.tar

[root@localhost ~]# docker images
REPOSITORY   TAG       IMAGE ID       CREATED         SIZE
nginx        latest    605c77e624dd   9 months ago    141MB
ubuntu       latest    ba6acccedd29   12 months ago   72.8MB
centos       latest    5d0da3dc9764   13 months ago   231MB

# 强制删除镜像
[root@localhost ~]# docker rmi -f ba6acccedd29 
Untagged: ubuntu:latest
Untagged: ubuntu@sha256:626ffe58f6e7566e00254b638eb7e0f3b11d4da9675088f4781a50ae288f3322
Deleted: sha256:ba6acccedd2923aee4c2acc6a23780b14ed4b8a5fa4e14e252a23b846df9b6c1

[root@localhost ~]# docker images
REPOSITORY   TAG       IMAGE ID       CREATED         SIZE
nginx        latest    605c77e624dd   9 months ago    141MB
centos       latest    5d0da3dc9764   13 months ago   231MB

# 导入备份镜像
# cat 文件名.tar | docker import - 镜像用户名/镜像名:镜像版本号
[root@localhost ~]# cat /tmp/ubuntu1.tar | docker import - ldx/ubuntu1:333
sha256:5d7ff25c881d8dff4b1e82239a8c0f26a75084d4042f7020ccea2187a979430a

[root@localhost ~]# docker images
REPOSITORY    TAG       IMAGE ID       CREATED          SIZE
ldx/ubuntu1   333       5d7ff25c881d   13 seconds ago   72.8MB
nginx         latest    605c77e624dd   9 months ago     141MB
centos        latest    5d0da3dc9764   13 months ago    231MB

[root@localhost ~]# docker run -it 5d7ff25c881d  bash
root@0bb7ab833453:/# ll /tmp/
total 4
drwxrwxrwt. 2 root root 25 Oct 19 13:51 ./
drwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 18 Oct 19 14:06 ../
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root  5 Oct 19 13:54 docker.test
root@0bb7ab833453:/# cat /tmp/docker.test 
test

# 镜像打包（使用镜像名:标签，避免虚悬镜像）
# docker image save 镜像名:标签 > 文件名.tgz
[root@localhost ~]# docker image save 5d7ff25c881d > /tmp/ubuntu2.tgz

[root@localhost ~]# ls /tmp/
docker.test  ubuntu1.tar  ubuntu2.tgz

# 镜像加载
# docker image load -i 文件名.tgz

# 危险命令（不建议使用）
[root@localhost ~]# docker rm $(docker ps -qa)
2c7204204c05
74481dfbbe48
0bb7ab833453
39174b8eee2b
afe4325f0fd2

[root@localhost ~]# docker ps -a
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE     COMMAND   CREATED   STATUS    PORTS     NAMES

[root@localhost ~]# docker images
REPOSITORY    TAG       IMAGE ID       CREATED          SIZE
ldx/ubuntu1   333       5d7ff25c881d   9 minutes ago    72.8MB
nginx         latest    605c77e624dd   9 months ago     141MB
centos        latest    5d0da3dc9764   13 months ago    231MB

[root@localhost ~]# docker rmi  5d7ff25c881d
Untagged: ldx/ubuntu1:333
Deleted: sha256:5d7ff25c881d8dff4b1e82239a8c0f26a75084d4042f7020ccea2187a979430a
Deleted: sha256:bff10ec1eac2d4c978d96fe3fcbe5e9eb84a122e90c863c5d8888f0d12b96416

[root@localhost ~]# docker images
REPOSITORY   TAG       IMAGE ID       CREATED         SIZE
nginx        latest    605c77e624dd   9 months ago    141MB
centos       latest    5d0da3dc9764   13 months ago   231MB

# 加载镜像（产生虚悬镜像）
[root@localhost ~]# docker image load -i /tmp/ubuntu2.tgz 
bff10ec1eac2: Loading layer [==================================================>]  75.16MB/75.16MB
Loaded image ID: sha256:5d7ff25c881d8dff4b1e82239a8c0f26a75084d4042f7020ccea2187a979430a

# 虚悬镜像示例
[root@localhost ~]# docker images
REPOSITORY   TAG       IMAGE ID       CREATED          SIZE
<none>       <none>    5d7ff25c881d   12 minutes ago   72.8MB  # 虚悬镜像
nginx        latest    605c77e624dd   9 months ago     141MB
centos       latest    5d0da3dc9764   13 months ago    231MB

正规镜像备份与加载操作：

[root@localhost ~]# docker images
REPOSITORY   TAG       IMAGE ID       CREATED          SIZE
<none>       <none>    5d7ff25c881d   12 minutes ago   72.8MB
nginx        latest    605c77e624dd   9 months ago     141MB
centos       latest    5d0da3dc9764   13 months ago    231MB

# 备份镜像（使用镜像名:标签）
[root@localhost ~]# docker image save nginx:latest > /tmp/nginx.tgz

[root@localhost ~]# ll /tmp/
总用量 289300
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root          5 10月 19 21:54 docker.test
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 145905152 10月 19 22:21 nginx.tgz
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root  75159552 10月 19 21:57 ubuntu1.tar
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root  75166720 10月 19 22:10 ubuntu2.tgz

# 删除原镜像
[root@localhost ~]# docker rmi 605c77e624dd
Untagged: nginx:latest
Untagged: nginx@sha256:0d17b565c37bcbd895e9d92315a05c1c3c9a29f762b011a10c54a66cd53c9b31
Deleted: sha256:605c77e624ddb75e6110f997c58876baa13f8754486b461117934b24a9dc3a85
Deleted: sha256:b625d8e29573fa369e799ca7c5df8b7a902126d2b7cbeb390af59e4b9e1210c5
Deleted: sha256:7850d382fb05e393e211067c5ca0aada2111fcbe550a90fed04d1c634bd31a14
Deleted: sha256:02b80ac2055edd757a996c3d554e6a8906fd3521e14d1227440afd5163a5f1c4
Deleted: sha256:b92aa5824592ecb46e6d169f8e694a99150ccef01a2aabea7b9c02356cdabe7c
Deleted: sha256:780238f18c540007376dd5e904f583896a69fe620876cabc06977a3af4ba4fb5
Deleted: sha256:2edcec3590a4ec7f40cf0743c15d78fb39d8326bc029073b41ef9727da6c851f

[root@localhost ~]# docker images
REPOSITORY   TAG       IMAGE ID       CREATED          SIZE
<none>       <none>    5d7ff25c881d   17 minutes ago   72.8MB
centos       latest    5d0da3dc9764   13 months ago    231MB

# 加载备份镜像
[root@localhost ~]# docker image load -i  /tmp/nginx.tgz 
2edcec3590a4: Loading layer [==================================================>]  83.86MB/83.86MB
e379e8aedd4d: Loading layer [==================================================>]     62MB/62MB
b8d6e692a25e: Loading layer [==================================================>]  3.072kB/3.072kB
f1db227348d0: Loading layer [==================================================>]  4.096kB/4.096kB
32ce5f6a5106: Loading layer [==================================================>]  3.584kB/3.584kB
d874fd2bc83b: Loading layer [==================================================>]  7.168kB/7.168kB
Loaded image: nginx:latest

[root@localhost ~]# docker images
REPOSITORY   TAG       IMAGE ID       CREATED          SIZE
<none>       <none>    5d7ff25c881d   18 minutes ago   72.8MB
nginx        latest    605c77e624dd   9 months ago     141MB
centos       latest    5d0da3dc9764   13 months ago    231MB

[root@localhost ~]# docker run -d -p 85:80 nginx
b709562cd688a4d60d57ca8c3d3515b7a96373e6c6b4eaab2c0037e4f9d82140
[root@localhost ~]# docker ps 
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE     COMMAND                  CREATED         STATUS         PORTS                         NAMES
b709562cd688   nginx     "/docker-entrypoint.…"   6 seconds ago   Up 5 seconds   0.0.0.0:85->80/tcp, :::85->80/tcp   awesome_roentgen

四、进入正在运行的容器

docker exec -it：打开新终端，启动新进程，exit不停止容器

# docker exec -it 容器ID bash
[root@localhost ~]# docker ps
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE     COMMAND   CREATED          STATUS          PORTS     NAMES
17b0e93920f4   ubuntu    "bash"    14 minutes ago   Up 14 minutes           compassionate_pike

[root@localhost ~]# docker exec -it 17b0e93920f4 bash
root@17b0e93920f4:/# cat /etc/lsb-release 
DISTRIB_ID=Ubuntu
DISTRIB_RELEASE=20.04
DISTRIB_CODENAME=focal
DISTRIB_DESCRIPTION="Ubuntu 20.04.3 LTS"
root@17b0e93920f4:/# exit
exit
[root@localhost ~]# docker ps
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE     COMMAND   CREATED          STATUS          PORTS     NAMES
17b0e93920f4   ubuntu    "bash"    15 minutes ago   Up 15 minutes           compassionate_pike

docker attach：进入启动命令终端，无新进程，exit会停止容器

# docker attach 容器ID
[root@localhost ~]# docker ps
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE     COMMAND   CREATED          STATUS          PORTS     NAMES
17b0e93920f4   ubuntu    "bash"    15 minutes ago   Up 15 minutes           compassionate_pike

[root@localhost ~]# docker attach 17b0e93920f4
root@17b0e93920f4:/# cat /etc/lsb-release 
DISTRIB_ID=Ubuntu
DISTRIB_RELEASE=20.04
DISTRIB_CODENAME=focal
DISTRIB_DESCRIPTION="Ubuntu 20.04.3 LTS"
root@17b0e93920f4:/# exit
exit
[root@localhost ~]# docker ps
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE     COMMAND   CREATED   STATUS    PORTS     NAMES